Antiagregantes plaquetarios: mecanismos de acción y riesgos asociados al uso / Platelet antiaggregants: mechanisms of action and use asocied risks

Las Enfermedades Cardiovasculares son la principal causa de muerte en el mundo. Junto con los esfuerzos en disminuir los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, se recurre a diversos medicamentos para disminuir la morbimortalidad asociada a estas enfermedades, entre otros fármacos se utilizan, antihipertensivos, antidiabéticos, hipolipimiantes y antiagregantes plaquetarios.Dada la participación de las plaquetas, tanto en las etapas precoces de la aterogénesis como en la trombosis arterial, el uso de antiagregantes plaquetarios es muy relevante en la prevención primaria y secundaria de las trombosis arteriales.Los antiagregantes plaquetarios son utilizados en prevención primaria y secundaria de ECV. En esta revisión, se abordan diversos aspectos relativos a los antiagregantes, especialmente mecanismo de acción y riesgos asociados al uso durante los últimos 10 años.Como fuente bibliográfica se utilizó principalmente www.pubmed.com; y los términos utilizados en la búsqueda fueron: antiagregantes plaquetarios, aspirina, dipiridamol, clopidogrel, abciximab, entre otros; luego se buscaron los textos completos de los artículos que interesaban y además se utilizaron algunos libros de hematología.

[Isolation of periodontal bacteria from blood samples and atheromas in patients with atherosclerosis and periodontitis]. / Aislamiento de bacterias periodontopáticas desde hemocultivos y ateromas obtenidos de pacientes con aterosclerosis y periodontitis.

BACKGROUND: Periodontitis is a common oral disease produced by bacterial species that reside in the subgingival plaque. These microorganisms have been associated to atherosclerosis and it is suggested that periodontitis is a cardiovascular risk factor. AIM: To isolate periodontal bacteria from blood and atheroma samples, from patients with atherosclerosis and periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twelve patients with periodontitis and a clinical diagnosis of atherosclerosis and 12 patients with periodontitis but without atherosclerosis were studied. Blood samples were obtained immediately before and after scaling and root planing. The samples were incubated in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. One week after scaling, atheromatous plaques were obtained during endarterectomy in the 12 patients with atherosclerosis. These were homogenized and cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Microorganisms were identified by means ofPCR. RESULTS: Five patients with and two without atherosclerosis, had bacteremia after scaling and root planing. Bacterial species isolated from blood samples were the same found in periodontic pockets. Four atheromatous plaques of patients with bacteremia yielded positive cultures. The isolated bacteria were the same found in blood samples and periodontal pockets. CONCLUSIONS: Bacteremia occurred in seven of 24 patients after scaling and root planing. In four patients, the same species found in periodontic pockets and blood cultures were detected in atherosclerotic plaques obtained one week after the dental procedure.

Aislamiento de bacterias periodontop ticas desde hemocultivos y ateromas obtenidos de pacientes con aterosclerosis y periodontitis / Isolation of periodontal bacteria from blood samples and atheromas in patients with atherosclerosis and periodontitis

Background: Periodontitis is a common oral disease produced by bacterial species that reside in the subgingival plaque. These microorganisms have been associated to atherosclerosis and it is suggested that periodontitis is a cardiovascular risk factor. Aim: To isolate periodontal bacteria from blood and atheroma samples, from patients with atherosclerosis and periodontitis. Material and methods: Twelve patients with periodontitis and a clinical diagnosis of atherosclerosis and 12 patients with periodontitis but without atherosclerosis were studied. Blood samples were obtained immediately before and after scaling and root planing. The samples were incubated in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. One week after scaling, atheromatous plaques were obtained during endarterectomy in the 12 patients with atherosclerosis. These were homogenized and cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Microorganisms were identified by means ofPCR. Results: Five patients with and two without atherosclerosis, had bacteremia after scaling and root planing. Bacterial species isolated from blood samples were the same found in periodontic pockets. Four atheromatous plaques of patients with bacteremia yielded positive cultures. The isolated bacteria were the same found in blood samples and periodontal pockets. Conclusions: Bacteremia occurred in seven of 24 patients after scaling and root planing. In four patients, the same species found in periodontic pockets and blood cultures were detected in atherosclerotic plaques obtained one week after the dental procedure.

Miocardiopatía hipoclacémica secundaria a hipoparatiroidismo postiroidectomía: Caso clínico / Hypocalcemic cardiomyopathy secondary to hypoparathyroidism after a thyroidectomy: Report of one case

Calcium plays a central role in ventricular function. We report a 37 year-old woman with chronic hypoparathyroidism and hypocalcemia secondary to a thyroidectomy performed when she was 18 years old, as treatment for a Graves Basedow's disease. She did not have previous cardiac symptoms and rapid progressive congestive heart failure developed after the beginning of levothyroxin supplementation for post operative hypothyroidism. Echocardiography revealed severe systolic and diastolic left ventricular dysfunction, mitral and tricuspid valve insufficiency, systolic pulmonary hypertension, left atrial enlargement and pericardial effusion. Calcium supplementation in addition to diuretics, captopril and digoxin were followed by rapid clinical improvement. Follow up until 18 months showed persistent left ventricular dilatation and systolic dysfunction, with improvement of all the other ecocardiographic findings.

Factores de riesgo tromboembólico en el flutter auricular: estudio con ecocardiografía transesofágica / Thromboembolic risk factors in atrial flutter: a transesophageal echocardiographical study

Background: The thromboembolic risk of atrial flutter (AFL) is not well defined. On the other hand, in atrial fibrillation (AF), the echocardiographic demonstration of thrombus or spontaneous echo contrast in the left atria or its appendage, a lower flow velocity in the left atrial appendage, and its reduced mobility, are well known risk factors of thromboembolism. Aim: To study the incidence of these echocardiographic risk factors in patients with AFL. Material and methods: We prospectively studied 50 consecutive patients with AFL comparing them with two groups of patients with a well known increased risk of thromboembolism: 54 patients with AF and 24 patients with sinus rhythm and severe mitral stenosis (RSEMS). The group of patients with AFL was also compared with a control group of 27 patients with sinus rhythm and no increased risk of thromboembolism. In each group, we studied the presence of thrombi and spontaneous echo contrast in the left atria and left atrial appendage, emptying velocity (Vel A), filling flow (Vel B) and motility of the left atrial appendage and left atrial dimensions. Results: When compared with control patients, AFL subjects had a higher incidence of spontaneous echo contrast in the left atria and left atrial appendage (11 and 42 percent respectively, p<0.05); slower flow velocity in the left atrial appendage (Vel A 69.25 ñ 25 and 41 ñ 19 cm/s respectively, Vel B 55 ñ 16 and 46 ñ 20 cm/s respectively, p<0.05); lower atrial appendage wall motility (4 and 84 percent respectively, p<0.001) and a larger left atrium (40 ñ 10 and 45 ñ 0.6 mm respectively, p<0.05). Patients with AFL had a lower incidence of echocardiographic abnormalities than subjects with AF or RSEMS. Thrombi were found in 2 patients with AFL, 12 patients with AF, 4 patients with RSEMS and in no control patient. Conclusions: In AFL, there are echocardiographic markers of increased thromboembolic risk in comparison with a control group. Nevertheless, the incidence of these factors is lower than in patients with AF or with RSEMS